光质和光周期对山白兰苗木生长、生理的影响

为筛选出山白兰(Michelia baillonii)苗木培育过程中适宜的光环境，该研究以一年生山白兰幼苗为试验材料，设置12、16 h·d^-1两个光周期，配合使用红蓝复合光(8R1B、6R1B)、红蓝紫绿复合光(8R1B1P1G、6R1B1P1G)4种光质和白光(W)对照，采用双因素随机区组试验设计和隶属函数法，探讨了山白兰苗木生长、光合色素、内源激素含量对不同光质和光周期处理的响应规律。结果表明：(1)光质、光周期及其交互作用对山白兰苗高增长量、叶面积、叶绿素a、玉米素(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)的含量、内源激素比值[IAA/ABA、(IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA]等均有显著影响(P<0.05)。(2)16 h·d^-1光周期有利于苗高增长量、叶面积、苗木质量指数、生物量、叶绿素a、生长素(IAA)、ZR的含量、内源激素比值的提高。(3)当光周期为16 h·d^-1时，8R1B处理下的苗高增长量、叶面积和苗木质量指数均最大，分别为21.84 cm、158.39 cm²和2...     

Occurrence and chemical diversity of the genus Bryoria in the Sučí Potok Valley, Veporské Vrchy Mountains (Central Slovakia)

Four species of the genus, Bryoria were found in the Sučí Potok Valley: B. capilaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., B. fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., B. implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., B. nadvornikiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. The most common species in the valley was B. implexa. Four chemotypes of this lichen were recognized.     

Human endogenous retroviruses, hormones and APOBEC3G: A connection to explore in schizophrenia

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent the footprints of previous retroviral infections. They are integrated within the human germ line and constitute approximately 7% of our genome. They have the potential to harm, given their capacity to alter the cellular metabolism, and could be involved in various pathological processes such as systemic lupus erythematosus or multiple sclerosis. In this respect it has been found that the stimulation of HERVs genome expression was observed after a steroid hormone treatment, stating the first evidence that an enhanced expression of the HERVs genome by hormones may be involved in the etiology of breast cancer. There is now increasing evidence that HERVs may in fact be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, a disorder characterized by heterogeneous presence of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms that affect all aspects of mental activity, with a first peak incidence for males and females in the decade 15-24 and a second peak at age 55-64 for females, both periods characterized by two moments of significant hormonal changes. In connection with genetic aspects, several studies suggest a linkage between chromosome 22 (22q) and schizophrenia, being different genes of this chromosomal region reported as candidate genes for association with the disorder. Likewise, in a closely region of these genes, on 22q13, is located a gene named APOBEC3G, a potent intrinsic inhibitor of retroviral replication that also includes some HERVs. We propose that hormonal changes that coincide with two peak incidences in schizophrenia produce an enhancement in the expression of some HERV families implicated in the etiopathology of the disorder. The expression of HERVs is followed by a defective action of APOBEC3G that avoids carry out its function, that is, the inhibition of retroviral replication. This altered process might play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.     

传统大豆发酵食品在心脑血管疾病防治上的研究现状

人类生活水平的提高以及生活压力的增加,使心脑血管疾病的发生频率显著增加,并日趋成为威胁人类健康的重要原因。传统大豆发酵食品中的各种生理活性物质通过降血压和调节体内脂质、糖类代谢等多种作用来有效地防治心脑血管疾病;与传统药物相比,有效果显著与无毒副作用等优点,因此传统大豆发酵食品有广阔的发展应用前景。     

Strain improvement of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sporosarcina pasteurii</Emphasis> for enhanced urease and calcite production

Phenotypic mutants of Sporosarcina pasteurii (previously known as Bacillus pasteurii) (MTCC 1761) were developed by UV irradiation to test their ability to enhance urease activity and calcite production. Among the mutants, Bp M-3 was found to be more efficient compared to other mutants and wild-type strain. It produced the highest urease activity and calcite production compared to other isolates. The production of extracellular polymeric substances and biofilm was also higher in this mutant than other isolates. Microbial sand plugging results showed the highest calcite precipitation by Bp M-3 mutant. Scanning electron micrography, energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analyses evidenced the direct involvement of bacteria in CaCO₃ precipitation. This study suggests that calcite production by the mutant through biomineralization processes is highly effective and may provide a useful strategy as a sealing agent for filling the gaps or cracks and fissures in any construction structures.     

利用高效液相色谱法分离和测定棉花组织培养过程中4种内源激素

目的：优化利用高效液相色谱法测定棉花组织培养过程中吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）等4种植物内源激素的条件,了解棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例的规律性变化,以及添加不同外源激素对内源激素和愈伤组织的影响,为棉花组织培养由经验型变为理论型提供基础。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。结果：棉花胚性愈伤组织发生过程中4种内源激素及激素含量比例呈规律性变化：ZT、ABA、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GA3呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,ZT/IAA呈现明显的上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势;不同激素组合诱导下愈伤组织中内源激素含量及愈伤组织状态也有较大差别。结论：研究结果对指导组织培养过程中激素的调整和配比、制定适宜的培养计划有一定的指导意义;4种不同的内源激素都是愈伤组织生长的重要因子,各自适宜的浓度和恰当的比例调节着外植体的脱分化和再分化,各种激素协同作用促进细胞的生长和分化。     

Enhancement of the biocontrol agent Candida oleophila (strain O) survival and control efficiency under extreme conditions of water activity and relative humidity

The objective of this work is to evaluate the ability of some additive substances in protecting the biocontrol agent Candida oleophila (strain O) against the adverse effects of environmental factors, such as water activity (a_w, 0.93 and 0.98) and relative humidity (75% and 98%). The protection obtained with various protectant substances, skimmed milk (SM), peptone, maltose, sucrose, sorbitol, lactose and polyethylene glycol was assayed under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The yeast cells with the highest level of protecting agents (1%) had higher viability than those with low protectant levels (0.1% and 0.5%). SM, sucrose and sorbitol improved significantly the C. oleophila survival on apple fruit surface by 80.8%, 42.26% and 37.27% and gave a significant protection (from 96% to 100%) against Penicillium expansum under dried conditions. The highest strain O density and efficacy was obtained with SM. Under experimental conditions reflecting practical conditions, SM applied in combination with the strain O resulted in improved biocontrol efficacy by 74.65%. Therefore, SM could be used as material substrate with the best sugar protectants during the formulation process of this antagonistic yeast for eventual pre-harvest application.     

Damage released prey alarm substances or predator odours? Risk assessment by an aquatic oligochaete

Although the abilities of prey to detect and respond to chemical substances associated with a predator have been widely reported, the factors promoting the evolution of responses to prey alarm cues vs. predator odours are still vague. In this article, we combined field research with laboratory experiments to explore which chemical substance associated with predator activity (predator odour, conspecific or heterospecific alarm substances) induces defence responses in the aquatic oligochaete Stylaria lacustris, which is vulnerable to common littoral predators. The field results indicated that predators injure the oligochaetes and a great proportion, up to 45% of individuals in the population, were found to be damaged. The results of the laboratory experiments revealed that chemical odours from damselfly larvae feeding on S. lacustris did not induce the defence response in the oligochaetes. On the contrary, oligochaetes detected and responded to alarm substances from damaged conspecifics alone and substances from damaged cladoceran Daphnia magna. We discussed conditions favouring the responses to damage released prey alarm cues instead of predator odours in Stylaria lacustris. Our data suggest that the selection of responses to alarm cues from damaged prey vs. predator odours may be dependent on three factors: (1) non-species-specific predation, (2) divergence of food niche of the different stages of the predator and (3) complex food web with multiple predators. Handling editor: S. Declerk     

甜瓜细菌性斑点病拮抗菌P-13的鉴定及其抑菌物质的初步研究

从新疆甜瓜根际土壤中分离到1株甜瓜细菌性斑点病拮抗放线菌P-13, 根据其形态学、生理特征和16S rRNA序列分析, 鉴定该菌株为娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomyces rochei)。琼脂扩散法生物活性研究表明, 其发酵液对细菌性果腐病菌(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrull)BFB、细菌性角斑病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans)P4的抑菌圈直径分别为19 mm和17 mm以上; 发酵液中抑菌物质主要为胞外代谢物, 不溶于石油醚, 乙醚, 乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂。在100°C处理10 min、pH 6处理6 h或紫外线照射7 h, 该物质抑菌活性不变。纸层析结果表明, 该物质主要为碱性水溶性物质。